In The Interaction Field: The Revolutionary New Way to Create Shared Value for Businesses, Customers, and Society (2020) and our research since mid-2015, we traced the modern evolution of business enterprises, from a world dominated by big, traditional, asset-heavy, command-and-control “value chain” companies like GE and GM, through several phases, the first being dominated by early-Internet “platform” firms like Amazon and Google, the second being the social and mobile era which catapulted Apple forward, and created social networks such as Facebook. Today, these phases are often described as Web1 and Web2. The first two phases have been well described as the phases where platform companies grew, the emergence of the platform economy or the platform revolution.[1] In 2020, we contended that we are entering a third phase, the world of metaverse and Web3 technologies, a future where a new type of firm, namely “interaction field” companies will flourish.[2]

Web1 and Web2 had a profound impact on how companies create value and how they achieve competitive advantage. Until then, strategy evolved around deciding where to compete and how to compete in a market. Good strategy was about choosing a market and establishing barriers to entry such as building strong brands or establishing customer switching costs. Competition was essentially a way of competing in a World of Walls. Web1 and Web2 changed this world for companies and brands. Today, competition takes place in a World of Webs where everything connects: things, people, machines and companies and more — a world of hyperconnectivity. Industry or category boundaries have blurred, and barriers of entry have become as porous. We believe that the metaverse will accelerate this world of connectivity, and Web3 technologies will put the World of Web in overdrive and create the convergence of all sorts of worlds: the virtual world, the real world, or the mirror world, which is essentially the real world in digital form.

Interaction field companies will reach their prime in these worlds. A defining difference between “interaction field” and “value chain” and “platform” companies is that interaction field firms view consumers or users not as targets, audiences to capture, or a source of transactions to be aggregated but they see consumers as a system and part of a complex network of relationships, from close-in family and friends to society at large. In this network or system, every consumer has his or her own set of goals that ladder up to values and beliefs. Consumers perform a set of activities to achieve these goals and priorities in the context of their daily lives. Value creation is about solving the challenges and problems of consumers as they seek to optimize the range of actions and activities they must perform to achieve their goals.[3] Interaction fields then optimize this entire system, ranging from consumers’ daily goals to broader and more important challenges of society.

A second difference is that interaction field companies open up their most important customer relationships to a wide range of stakeholders and third parties who provide new value in the field. This contrasts with value chain and platform companies who are hoarding and aggregating massive data pools in their internal systems such as their CRM or secured customer data platforms. For example, take a platform such as Uber, or an ecosystem such as Airbnb. Essentially these firms hoard transactions and data from riders and drivers, or from travelers and hosts, and they optimize their businesses to extract maximum value for themselves.

Interaction field companies instead create a nucleus of interactions with customers or consumers with maximum value, and then build an open architecture around it that attracts partners and third parties to create shared value for everyone. Marshall van Alstyne and Geoff Parker call this the inverted firm, where a firm seeks to externalize value creation to others by designing interactions and rules of governance accordingly.[4]

John Deere for example built a network of farmers who ride on Deeres, who share data from the health of a plant in the field to overall farm productivity. Instead of hoarding the data on its secure cloud servers, John Deere enriches the data and makes it available to fertilizer or crop suppliers, and a broad range of others that create value – solving major challenges that farmers and consumers face from making farms profitable, reducing water depletion, and ensuring healthy and sufficient food supply around the world. Interaction field companies maximize interactions in an entire field of value creation. Platform companies instead like to own the transactions, and own the customer.

A third no less important attribute of interaction field firms is that they motivate interactions far beyond their existing industries, such as agriculture or automotive. They encourage value creation through partnerships, platforms and ecosystems across different industries, sectors or categories. Ant Group’s nucleus is Alipay for example, but it operates a number of platforms and ecosystems that have emerged and sit on the top of payments including lending, wealth management and even health insurance and many others. In a way, it makes the traditional concept of categories and industries irrelevant, since value creation is achieved across new market spaces that are defined around consumer or even societal challenges.[5] This means automotive companies solve for mobility, not just selling a better car.

In short, interaction field companies change the nature of value creation for consumers, beyond mere fulfillment of needs and emphasizing relevant attributes through branding, or hurling new products and services in the name of innovation at consumers. In the interaction field, consumers innovate for themselves, they solve problems, collaborate with companies and create competitive advantage for them. They assume an active role in value creation. They change the way companies are configured beyond just the optimizing of their functions or their own activities along the value chain, and they change the way they create value beyond existing industry or traditional category boundaries.

Now, let’s peer into the metaverse after donning an “interaction field” lens. The firms vying to build and equip consumers to enter the metaverse are primarily platform companies or ecosystems like Meta Platforms, Microsoft, Apple, and all the other tech giants that supply the essential tools such as Nvidia. Much like German immigrant Levi Strauss sold workman’s clothing, today known as Levi’s jeans, to hopeful farmers during the California Gold Rush in the 1870s, purer-play virtual reality firms like the online game platforms Roblox or Minecraft or the Ethereum-based environments such as Decentraland of The Sandbox aren’t any better. Their primary channel of value creation is through aggregating transactions, building large audiences of players that become gullible consumers or users susceptible to monetization via in-app purchases or by issuing and selling tokens. They too merely optimize their own worlds, rather than enabling meaningful interactions, sharing them, and creating value for everyone.

Decentralization

As for the most fundamental societal challenge Web3 enthusiasts are seeking to solve, the pathetic reality is that the lion’s share of the value on which the tech giants’ staggering market capitalizations are currently based on comes from their proprietary ownership of the data generated by their own customers. As I noted in Newsweek, “The dominant digital platform model that Big Tech uses represents a fundamental mismatch between the value they derive from the day-to-day gusher of data generated by their billions of customers, and the value to those customers—that means all of us—of the products and services they profess to provide for free.”[6]

The World Economic Forum observes that the decentralization of platforms is destined to broaden the value base of beneficiaries of data generators, who will in time graduate into full-fledged data owners:

Web3…harnesses blockchain [technology] to “decentralize” management, thereby reducing the control of big corporations, such as Google or Meta, and making it more democratic. It is defined by open-source software, is trustless – doesn’t require the support of a trusted intermediary – and is permissionless (it has no governing body).[7]

That an overwhelming share of the value generated by cryptocurrencies and NFTs – the first most visible manifestation of Web3 – has so far accrued to assorted celebrities, crypto snake oil salesmen, and sports stars is not promising. As the cryptocurrency boom seems likely to end in a big bust, what are we to make of Web3’s aspirations to become the vehicle for more fairly distributing the inherent value of data through the magic of decentralized blockchain technology?

For starters, in a Web3 world, your activities and the data they generate would no longer be hosted on proprietary servers owned by Google or Amazon, which use them to harvest the value from it (i.e., sell advertising that targets you) but on networks of computers using blockchain. Web3 transactions will be conducted not in fiat currency (which benefits intermediaries such as banks who extract fees) but through your crypto-wallet and websites hosted through decentralized applications, or “dapps.”

Sangeet Paul Choudary, one of the leading scholars of the merits and demerits of the platform economy, considers the advent of Web3 as promising an alternative model, or “organizing mechanism,” to now-dominant platform firms like Google, Meta, and Amazon. In his view, these platforms’ primary shortcomings are their propensity for mass standardization as opposed to customization:

The largest businesses today – Facebook, Google, Amazon, Apple, Airbnb and others – aggregate a market around their platform…and standardize the core interaction supported by the platform. The purchase experience for a book is not too different from the purchase experience for an item of clothing on a horizontal online marketplace. This standardization helps achieve scale…however, standardizing the core interaction…involves a trade-off: the loss of end-user context.[8]

Loss of end-user context means failure to solve the problems and challenges that consumers as a system have.

Interaction field firms have a different architecture from platform companies. An illustrative example is the difference between Google and Tesla. Google’s business model is based on selling ads at nearly infinite scale to users of its search engine. You are the product. Period. End of story.

Tesla’s network of charging stations

Tesla’s open architecture drives ecosystem innovation. The firm’s success is not at its core derived from its ability to build a better, faster, or cheaper electric car although the automotive industry and major competitors appear to believe so. In the interaction field model, the primary source of value and innovation is on the demand side, not the supply side. Tesla’s interlocking ecosystems include its Supercharger charging network, which in Europe is accessible to all EV drivers. In May 2022, Tesla announced plans to open its Supercharger network in the U.S. to all EV drivers as well. As Elon Musk commented, “We’re trying as best as possible to do the right thing for the advancement of electrification, even if that diminishes our competitive advantage.” This open architecture benefits not just the global community of EV drivers but helps to accelerate the digital transformation and sustainability of the entire auto industry and other industries as well. Those drivers, in turn, collectively contribute data to a different system called Autopilot, as the data generated from every mile driven pushes Tesla closer to its ultimate goal of truly autonomous mobility. That data also connects the community of EV drivers to the California electric grid network, which lets owners of solar rooves share electricity with other owners of solar rooves, to power not just their Teslas but their houses. The data is the fuel of value creation — the open architecture its chassis.

Let’s look at LEGO from a similar perspective. The resident geniuses at LEGO HQ in Billund, Denmark are not the only drivers of the innovation that creates successive generations of LEGO sets. The company more heavily relies on an innovation ecosystem, a globally distributed network of partners and collaborators. One example is called LEGO IDEAS, which includes AFOLS (Adult Fans of LEGO), a community of fans, parents and kids like you and me that collectively co-creates innovation. After you put an idea up on LEGO’s website, if that idea gets 10,000 votes through social media, LEGO produces it and compensates the inventor. LEGO externalizes innovation and new idea generation beyond the company, in the spirit of the inverted firm in the platform economy.[9]

Van Gogh’s Starry Night, built with LEGO

Earlier this year, Kirkbi, the parent company of the LEGO Group, announced its entry into the metaverse in partnership with Fortnite-maker Epic Games. Their joint goal is to build a “kid-friendly metaverse.” Whether the kid-friendly metaverse that ensues will also be a Web3 enterprise, let alone an interaction field firm, is still very much TBD. That said, LEGO’s open architecture is a precursor to a potential convergence of the metaverse and Web3 in a virtual Legoland.

Glimpses and glimmerings of the vast store of value that transcends the feverish and adolescent speculative yearnings of the Bored Ape Yacht Club can be seen in the late 2020 launch by the Crop Sciences division of Bayer and enterprise blockchain provider BlockApps of the TraceHarvest Network. Its stated aim is to “set new standards in sustainability and drive digital transformation and food system resiliency that will shape the future of the agriculture industry.”[10]

These partners and collaborators comprise an ecosystem replete with powerful interaction field characteristics. The network is not just “the first blockchain solution of its kind to track and trace the full lifecycle of agricultural products starting at the seed source.” It is a shared open platform from which “farmers, manufacturers, distributors and processors can selectively share and review data within a single, secure platform, making activities available to the entire chain, and allowing all parties to identify and address product tracking and integrity issues faster than previous manual processes allowed…Member farmers, manufacturers, distributors and processors use the same TraceHarvest network to track where their products are going, providing them with full visibility and traceability into the source of their crops.”

Conclusions

Looking at the metaverse and Web3 merely from a technology perspective is not helpful. As Alex Cahana, partner at Ark Invest already said: “Technology does nothing. It is what people [emphasis added] do with technology that matters.”[11]

Looking at these metaverse and Web3 developments from a consumer, strategy and business perspective, as articulated in the interaction field model, reveals their enormous potential in creating value. By value, we mean solving new challenges, difficult and intractable problems of consumers and society, and creating new competitive advantages for collaborators. This leads to creating real and shared value for everyone.

In our world, value is not created through network effects alone, value is created through solving problems and challenges of consumers and society in the interaction field. What real, new and intractable problems does the metaverse or Web3 really solve?

It is difficult to foresee the many different paths of evolutions the metaverse and Web3 may take. We have three thoughts:

• A first critical path is the consumer and a deep understanding of the challenges and problems of consumers as a system – as an individual identity as part of society. The question not to ask is: what products or services do these new technologies create for consumers? Instead, the question to ask is: how do these technologies help to improve people’s lives? Do they solve something? Do they enable them? Do they give people time back?

Companies must understand the challenges and problems of people and society really, really well. Today, this is not the case. Most use cases don’t solve anything useful yet.[12] Technology is cumbersome and slow.

One of the great steps in this direction is related to the technologies that enable the building of digital identities using the Self-Sovereign Identity or SSI approach. What this really means is that consumers become data owners, giving them full control in their digital or crypto wallets. Even if you record your Peloton bike session with the Peloton digital app, it isn’t Peloton who owns the data, but you. This changes fundamentally how to think of consumers – as passive recipients or audiences of advertising, or as targets for a company’s products, or prospects to be converted. We are looking at technologies that enable consumers to become active participants in creating value, consumers who understand where and how to own their data, and how to share their data, whether it is a digital asset or piece of art via NFTs or the data that the rich metaverse or Web3 contexts enable to be collected on behalf of consumers.

This will be a significant departure from today. When consumers are truly involved in value creation, when they know how they can build the value, and can take their data anywhere they want to, and can co-create products and services, then it is very likely that startups, established companies or brands can build valuable use cases that have a major impact on consumer behavior. This will be a significant change from today’s value creation through aggregation of data, realizing network effects and monetizing the value creation as Facebook or Google practice, and most other platform businesses practice today.

• A second path we are looking into concerns the evolution regarding tokenization which will create an exponential increase in interaction velocity across an interaction field. This will clear the way for sharing of valuable data across a broader set of participants or partners with zero distance to consumers, a sort of value-creating network. Because the tokens are secured on distributed ledger technologies, or the blockchain using smart contracts, the distinction between internal versus external interactions becomes irrelevant. It will be a trusted system of value exchange. In the case of John Deere and agriculture, it is feasible that farmers create significant value for themselves via digital tokens, which they can convert into substantial cash, as a very large chain of partners and participants benefit in the process as food travels from the farm to the table of consumers.

• Finally, the third path that we are studying intensively concerns technologies that enable the formation of entirely new companies or organizations built on code and encrypted on the blockchain that create value in an interaction field. As value is created in the nucleus in the interactions between a company or brand and its consumers, and as these interactions are tokenized, this will enable new collaborations between existing platforms and traditional pipeline businesses but also new organizational forms such as “decentralized autonomous organizations” or DAOs. Brands can develop communities and reward customers for their engagement and involvement by issuing tokens. Would John Deere, for example, issue tokens or voting rights in exchange for farm productivity or profitability data from farmers? This would reward farmers for the value creation in agriculture and the food supply chain as described in “The Interaction Field” book in Chapter 2. Entire new organizations or communities can emerge that create and share value with other participants in the interaction field. These organizations could be organized around fundraising for major social missions or sharing projects, such as eradicating cancer or accelerating K-12 education or other major consumer and social issues. These types of DAOs could be structured as open protocols which enable everyone to participate that can create value.

In the third part of this series of three essays, we will describe several actual case studies in healthcare and education.

[1] “Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy―and How to Make Them Work for You,” Marshall W. Van Alstyne, Geoffrey G. Parker, and Sangeet Paul Choudary, March 28, 2016.

[2] The Interaction Field: The Revolutionary New Way to Create Shared Value for Businesses, Customers, and Society; Erich Joachimsthaler, Public Affairs, 2020

[3] I have first articulated this notion in my second book: “Hidden in Plain Sight: How to Find and Execute Your Company’s Next Big Growth Strategy,” Erich Joachimsthaler, 2007.

[4] Marshall W. Van Alstyne and Geoffrey G. Parker (2021), “Digital Transformation Changes How Companies Create Value,” Harvard Business Review, December 17.

[5] I like the concept of growth domains or market spaces where companies solve similar consumer challenges and problems (see Joachimsthaler 2007). This idea was pioneered by Rita McGrath who speaks of competitive arenas where groups of market players apply similar strategies. “The End of Competitive Advantage,” Rita McGrath, Harvard Business Review, August 7, 2013.

[6] “Big Tech Must Respect What Consumers Want in the Post-Pandemic Era” Erich Joachimsthaler, Newsweek, 6/24/21

[7] “The Evolution of the Internet to Web3,” Rebecca King, Engagement Lead,” World Economic Forum, Feb 1, 2022

[8] Sangeet Paul Choudary, “The Building Blocks Thesis,” Vol. 1, Apr 26, 2022

[9] “Digital Transformation Changes How Companies Create Value,” Marshall W. Van Alstyne and Geoffrey G. Parker, Harvard Business Review, Dec. 17, 2021.

[10] “BlockApps Launches Agribusiness Blockchain Network ‘TraceHarvest’ Following Success with Bayer” Press Release, Nov. 18, 2020

[11] The Future of Blockchain and Healthcare with Dr. Alex Cahana, ARK Invest, YouTube

[12] “Jorge Stolfi: ‘Technologically, bitcoin and blockchain technology is garbage’,” Jordi Perez Colome, El Pais, July 7, 2022.

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